Microplastics in the Body: Risks and How to Reduce Exposure
- Jitka Burger
- 4 days ago
- 4 min read
What scientists know, what remains uncertain, and simple steps to reduce exposure
Plastic pollution is often framed as an environmental issue, but growing evidence suggests it may also be relevant to human health. Microplastics—plastic particles smaller than 5 millimeters—are now present in air, food, water, and household dust, making human exposure difficult to avoid [1,2]. These particles can enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, and possibly skin contact.
A recent JAMA article underscores a concerning trend: microplastics are increasingly being detected inside human tissues, raising important questions about their long-term health effects [1]. This article summarizes what researchers currently know, what remains uncertain, and how you can meaningfully reduce exposure.
Where Microplastics Are Being Found in the Body
Researchers have now detected microplastics in many parts of the body — including blood, lungs, liver, kidneys, and even brain tissue [1–4]. They have also been found in the placenta, breast milk, and reproductive fluids, raising concerns about exposure during pregnancy and early development.
One of the most striking findings is their presence in meconium—an infant’s first bowel movement—suggesting that exposure may begin before birth [3].
These findings do not prove that microplastics cause disease. However, they clearly demonstrate that these particles can enter the body, cross biological barriers, and accumulate in tissues once thought protected.
As the image above shows, microplastics can enter the body through the air we breathe, the food and water we consume, and possibly through skin contact — helping explain why they are now being detected in both maternal and fetal tissues.
Why Microplastics May Be Concerning
Although long-term human outcome data are still limited, several biologically plausible mechanisms suggest potential risk [2]:
Chemical toxicity: Plastics contain additives such as phthalates, bisphenols, flame retardants, and PFAS, many of which are known endocrine disruptors or toxicants.
Inflammation and oxidative stress: Experimental studies show microplastics can provoke inflammatory responses and oxidative damage.
Immune activation: Persistent foreign particles may contribute to chronic, low-grade immune activation.
Organ-level exposure: Microplastics have been detected in organs including the lungs, liver, and blood vessels. While causality is unproven, their presence is biologically relevant.
At the same time, major gaps remain. We still do not know which particle sizes, polymer types, or exposure levels pose the greatest risk, nor do we have long-term human studies linking exposure to specific health outcomes [1].
Practical Steps to Reduce Exposure
Eliminating plastics entirely isn’t realistic—but meaningful reductions are achievable:
Choose whole, unpackaged foods whenever possible.
Avoid heating food in plastic, which increases chemical leaching.
Use glass, stainless steel, or ceramic for storage and reheating.
Limit single-use plastics by bringing reusable bags, bottles, and utensils.
Reduce household dust through regular cleaning and ventilation.
Choose natural fibers for clothing and bedding when feasible.
Support policies and brands that reduce plastic production.
Even small, consistent changes can lower exposure while supporting overall health.
Emerging Research to Watch
Laboratory research shows that natural polymers from fenugreek seeds and okra pods can bind microplastics and remove them from fresh and salt water [5].
Importantly, there is no evidence that eating these foods removes microplastics from the human body. However, this research raises an intriguing possibility: many whole plant foods contain complex fibers that may interact with some environmental contaminants. Carefully designed human studies are needed to explore this further.
Takeaways
While scientists are still working to understand the full health impact, we are not powerless. Choosing less packaged foods, avoiding plastic heating, and prioritizing whole plant foods are simple steps that can reduce exposure today — while broader solutions are pursued at the policy level.
References:
[1] Mahalingaiah S, Nadeau KC, Christiani DC. Microplastics and Human Health. JAMA. 2025;334(21):1941–1942. doi:10.1001/jama.2025.14718
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41091491/
[2] Vethaak AD, Legler J. Microplastics and human health. Science. 2021;371(6530):672–674.
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33574197/
[3] Ragusa A, et al. Plasticenta: First evidence of microplastics in human placenta.Environment International. 2021;146:106274.
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33395930/
[4] Roslan NS, Lee YY, Ibrahim YS, et al. Detection of microplastics in human tissues and organs: A scoping review. J Glob Health. 2024;14:04179. Published 2024 Aug 23. doi:10.7189/jogh.14.04179
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39175335/
[5] Srinivasan R, Bhuju R, Chraibi V, et al. Fenugreek and Okra Polymers as Treatment Agents for the Removal of Microplastics from Water Sources. ACS Omega. 2025;10(15):14640–14656. doi:10.1021/acsomega.4c07476
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40290963/
Disclaimer: I am a Certified Plant-based Health Educator, not a medical doctor. My goal is to present you with available evidence that will make your decision easier. The information I share is for educational purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. You are advised to do your own research and make informed decisions in partnership with your physician(s). If you are on medication and are switching to a whole-food, plant-based diet, it is important that you work with your doctor to monitor your condition and medication dosage during your change of dietary practices.
I encourage you to critically evaluate any claims and make informed decisions that support your long-term health and well-being.
